Produced water handling
20–30% of LOEPermian water cuts are running ~3:1 to 5:1 (some areas higher). Disposal already 25% of LOE in many Delaware Basin operators. Trucking costs ~$2.50/bbl vs pipeline ~$0.30/bbl; SWD pressure caps trigger forced shut-ins. Volume projected from ~20 MMbbl/d (2025) to 26+ MMbbl/d by 2030.